Essay about Impact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society,...

Impact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture Mass media, over the years, has had a profound effect on American society, on its culture, and on the individuals exposed to the media. Mass media is a form of socialization, having a long-term effect on each member of American society. While mass media targets the individual in short-term intervals, the overall influence on them has been established as the consumer moves from one impressionable age category to another. The long or short- term effects of mass media are separate and distinct when its role in America is evaluated. Mass media effects people differently because of varied amounts of exposure and formats. Mass media has a socialization function in American†¦show more content†¦One of the most shocking and ridiculous examples of mass media’s manipulating audiences to react irrationally in a brief period of time was the radio show Mercury Theater of the Air. The broadcast was only a radio play, a clever adaptation of H.G. Wells’s science fiction novel War of the Worlds. But it was so realistically presented in a newscast format that the many listeners who turned in late missed the information that it was only a play. They thought that Martian monsters were taking over (DeFleur and Dennis, 545). This is a perfect example of how an impressionable public can overreact in a brief period of time to a believed â€Å"news† broadcast, because America considered the media to be honest. While the illogical response was short-term, the public was not only entirely embarrassed, but also completely angry about the media abusing the public’s trust for ratings. Thi s event was one of the contributing reasons which has led the public to distrust and lose interest in the media productions. Examples with this kind of distrusting reaction have contributed to a long-term response, in which audiences have ignored these programs. While programs such as the Mercury Theater of the Air have had little integration with American society and its culture, less ludicrous productions have become recognized as an integral part of our culture. The most popular forms of media which have influenced theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Mass Media Society1080 Words   |  5 PagesImpact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture Mass media, over the years, has had a profound effect on American society, on its culture, and on the individuals exposed to the media. Mass media is a form of socialization, having a long-term effect on each member of American society. While mass media targets the individual in short-term intervals, the overall influence on them has been established as the consumer moves from one impressionable age category to another. The long or short-Read MoreInfluence Of Mass Media885 Words   |  4 Pages Mass Media: Development and Literacy Alicia Nunez HUM/186 Media Influences on American Culture 8/21/2017 Allyson Wells Mass Media: Development and Literacy In the last century mass media has went from paper to digital, these major developments have influenced American culture in many ways. Newspapers have been around from the beginning they provide readers with information of practical value such as; television schedules, weather maps, and listings of stock prices. In additionRead MoreHuman Resource Training For The Media Sector1679 Words   |  7 PagesMass media is a very important role in the development of today s society. It impacts on the social consciousness to establish and consolidate a system of political thought leaders for society; associate members of society into a unity, a whole on the basis of the stance, political attitudes generally. Mass media also perform monitoring functions, and social management, monitoring, detection, promptly report the problems, new conflicts arise, contributes political stability to society. Such an importantRead MoreWhy Is Medium Is The Massage Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesis Medium Message? Marshall McLuhan, a technological determinist, says in his book ‘Medium is the massage’ that the most widespread modern media influence how humans think, act and perceive the world around them. He states that the medium significantly influences the message that people will receive, and thus, the same message is perceived by the same individual in several ways if he receives them in a different way. The expression the medium is the message means that recipient receives messagesRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Media On Youth And Society1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Mass Media on the Youth and Society Nowadays, the issue of mass media has caused much debate in the modern society, as well as mass media is becoming more important as a component that negatively affects the behavior of young people. There are many other factors, such as micro-environment, economic instability, the decline of moral values affecting children and young people and encourage them to commit unlawful acts. However, unlimited access to the Internet, mobile phone use in theRead MoreThe Political Economy And Cultural Studies Theories1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Mass media plays an important role in the society by providing entertainment, information and acting as the government’s overseer. Several scholars have developed philosophies that help people understand how mass media fulfills its roles in the society. For example, Horkheimer and Adorno have constructed theories that explain the functions and impacts of mass media in the society across the globe (Mosco, 2008). The central theme in all mass communication models entails the meaning of media contentsRead MoreMass Media and Popular Culture953 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media and Popular Culture March, 2009 Let us face the facts, mass media and popular culture need each other to coexist. Furthermore, in todays society the mass media serves the interest of popular culture. Moreover, it is the vehicle of free speech in a diverse, multicultural society. In addition, mass media refers to communication via radio, televisions, movie theaters, television, newspapers, magazines, and, etc; thereby, reaching out to the larger audience. On the contrary, popularRead MoreCulture and the Mass Media1400 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Mass Media on Enculturation The mass media and culture go hand and hand in today s society. The American culture thrives on the Mass media and this has become American culture today. â€Å"Mass media is any medium used to transmit mass communication. Until recently mass media was clearly defined and was comprised of the eight mass media industries; books, newspapers, magazines, recordings, radio, movies, television and the Internet (Lane, 2007).† The mas media is no longer simple to defineRead MoreEssay about Mass Media and Popular Culture1491 Words   |  6 PagesMass Media and Popular Culture: Effects on the Population Mass Media and Popular Culture Mass media and popular culture go hand in hand. This paper will discuss the impact of mass media on enculturation, examine the relationships among media, advertising and the formation of normative cultural values, and discuss the impact of the internet on popular culture and the way we communicate today. Real world examples of this impact will be provided to prove our point of view and the overall effectRead MoreMedia s Influence On Gender Relations And Sexuality1230 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically, media represented gender and sexuality in the way that matched the dominant public view and mirrors the evolution of gender-related biases and stereotypes and views on sexuality. In the course of time, gender relations and sexuality evolved and changed and all these changes found their reflection in mass media (Bonvillain, 1995, 210). Mass media, in their turn, portrayed gender relations and sexuality according to the dominant cultural view on gender relations and sexuality. This is

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Or Mri Is An Invention That

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI is an invention that changed health care forever. The MRI is the premier medical diagnostic of today. It has improved the lives of billions of patients around the world, with the ability to diagnose disease and injury in minutes. There are many interesting assets of the MRI, including the invention, function, and experience. The invention of Magnetic Resonance Imaging was a lifelong process. It was one of the greatest medical breakthroughs in the 20th century, thanks to Dr. Raymond Damadian the genius behind the MRI. Dr. Damadian started his schooling studying the violin at Juilliard, while there he won the Ford Foundation Scholarship out of 100,000 applicants at the age of 15. He then went on to†¦show more content†¦President Reagan awarded the National Medal of Technology to Dr. Damadian and Dr. Paul Lauterbur jointly for their contributions to the development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A year later in 1989 Dr. Damadian was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He joined men like Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell and the Wright Brothers. Damadians first MRI machine was named â€Å" Indomitable† , and it was rightly placed in the Smithsonian in 1989. Dr. Raymond Damadian was awarded his final award in March of 2004. He was awarded The Franklin Institute Medal, à ¢â‚¬Å" for his development and commercialization of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, which transformed the diagnosis and treatment of disease.† (Bergman) The MRI is an extraordinary machine that changed medical imaging forever, but even more extraordinary is how it functions. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is used to make a detailed image of the human body in order to diagnose disease and injury. It uses a very powerful magnet to align the nuclei of atoms in the body and a variable magnetic field which causes the atoms to produce an image, or resonate. The human body is made of mostly water. Water molecules have hydrogen nuclei that align in the magnetic field. The machine applies magnetic field of about 0.2 to 0.3 teslas, which is about a thousand times stronger than a fridge magnet. The protons inShow MoreRelatedTechnological Advancements Through The Years1151 Words   |  5 Pagestechnological advancements that has help change society overtime is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and it continues to be enhanced to lead to more cutting edge health care. The â€Å"father of the MRI† is what Dr. Raymond Damadian is best known as, although there has been major controversy over who exactly made this medical discovery. Damadian’s medical breakthrough happened in the years 1970-1973 when experimenting with nuclear magnetic resonance on bacteria and realized that his findings and techniques couldRead MoreUses And Purpose Of The Technology1930 Words   |  8 Pages1 NAME AND PURPOSE OF THE TECHNOLOGY The MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging – is a non-invasive medical procedure that uses a powerful magnetic field and radio frequency pulses to produce detailed images of soft-tissue, organs, blood vessels, bone and nearly all other internal body structures. These detailed images allow physicians to evaluate various parts of the body and diagnose and treat various medical conditions. Unlike X-rays and CT scans, MRI machines produce 3D images of the body without theRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Our Lives1499 Words   |  6 Pagesamazing inventions for our daily life there have been miraculous milestones with our neuroimaging inventions; scans range from being able to tell us where our brain is functioning during a task to allowing us to catch diseases such as cancer faster than ever before. This paper explores each neuroimaging machine; MRI, MEG, fMRI, PET, and EEG. Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body. The MRI createsRead MoreThe Invention of Magnetic Resonance Scanner (MRI)2508 Words   |  10 Pagesfull-body magnetic resonance scanner. This groundbreaking invention, completed by Dr. Raymond Damadian, turned out to be one of the most important discoveries in the history of medicine. Dr. Damadian’s scanner applied the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance to the human body for the first time, in order to detect cancerous cells in the body without the use of X-rays or surgery. Dr. Damadian’s first full-body scanner, named â€Å"Indomitable†, gave rise to the practice of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Read MoreHow the Mri Procedure Has Impacted Society1914 Words   |  8 PagesHow the MRI Procedure has an Impact on Society Robin T. Maynard Bethel University Abstract The introduction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging several years ago has a tremendous effect on our society today. This procedure enables physicians to diagnose and possibly cure several diseases which could otherwise prove to be fatal. As for anything in our society, there are some people who will criticize and find the negative points to it, however the positive impact that MRI scanning has on our society definitelyRead MoreDiagnosing and Treating Illness with the Imaging Technology of Radiology949 Words   |  4 Pages The study of radiology involves the use of imaging technology to diagnose and treat an illness. The method most commonly used to diagnose is projection radiography which produces radiographs by transmitting X-Rays through the patient to create an image. Other forms of radiology that are used to diagnose include CT scanning, Ultrasounds, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Fluoroscopy, and Nuclear Medicine. The story of radiology started in 1895 when Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen made the discovery in NovemberRead MoreImaging Of Musculoskeletal Disorders And The Early 1900 s With The Invention And Utilization Of Inappropriate Imaging764 Words   |  4 PagesImaging of musculoskeletal disorders began in the early 1900’s with the invention and utilization of radiography and fluoroscopic equipment (McKinnis, 2014). Evolutions in imaging now allow for clearer digital recorded images of fluoroscopy, radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (McKinnis, 2014). From the beginning, imaging has not been an isolated or sole diagnostic tool. The clinician’s expertise in the evaluation process, the comprehensive evaluation and assessmentRead MoreEssay Electromagnetic Induction1369 Words   |  6 Pageschanging magnetic field. This observation is summarized in what is called Faraday’s Law, or the first law of electromagnetics. After a series of different experiments, Faraday determined that an electrical current cannot exist just by the presence of a magnetic field. If magnets are set next to a coil, the meter would generate no current. Yet if the magnets are moved back and forth near the coil, the ammeter indicates a current. Without electromagnetic induction we would not have MRI, and weRead MoreAdvancements And Advancements Of Technology1588 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology that has been created and improved throughout the recent decades is proof of this philosophy. Medical innovations, such as the MRI machine and advanced disease treatments, have helped to reduce deaths over the last half-century. With new diseases and complications arising frequently, keeping up with the times becomes a vital matter – and recent inventions have made sure that lives are preserved rather than destroyed. Another area of interest is the internet, which allows people to accessRead MoreThe First Invention Of Radiology1507 Words   |  7 Pages The first invention of radiology began with the creation of X-rays in 1895 when Wilhelm Roentgen, a 50-year-old professor of physics at Germany’s University of Wurzburg, made a discovery that would in a very short time change medical and human history. Though, discovered by accident, Roentgen’s discovery would help detect tumors, broken bones and bullets buried within bodies, never before seen with the naked eye. Since the invention of X-rays, there had been numerous discoveries of similar inventions

Hidden Intellect free essay sample

The same idea is also stated in Brain Candy, an article found in The New Yorker by Malcolm Caldwell. He clearly explains how pop culture has affected the smarts of the people all over the world. And that how it is helping us to become smarter because television shows and video games are more complex and engaging. Both writers argue about the many kinds of knowledge and their value of usefulness. Graff uses his own life experiences to show how non-intellectual subjects can be turned into intellectualism.He states that . .. Schools and colleges might be at fault for missing the opportunity to tap into such street smarts and channel them into good academic work. What would you think hen you read his opinion on intellectualism? Are schools and colleges really the blame for lacking to tap into such street smarts? Or is it wise to separate theses two forms of learning? To support his argument, Graff tells us his own story of transformation from a street smart boy to an intellectual. We will write a custom essay sample on Hidden Intellect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One may agree with Graff that there are forms of hidden intellectualism that does not express itself through the established scholarly ways but rather hides under the mask of an ordinary talk about sports, fashion, pop-stars, etc. He believes that arguing about non-academics things requires just as much intellectual ability as debates about theoretical issues do, and that every street smart student has the potential to become intellect.In his essay, Hidden Intellectuals, Gerald Graff strongly persuades the reader with the argument, specifically how street smarts can very well be more intellectuals than book smarts. I agree with Gerald Graff that its necessary to look at topics unrelated to school, through academic eyes. In his essay, he critiques on how schools are missing out on IA valuable opportunity to encourage students to learn more academically.

Trade in Eurasia

The development and progress of the Long distance trade in Eurasia but and also in many countries have been recorded as a major achievement. Eurasia, a union of Asia and Europe into a single large landmass to form a continent, ranks her long distance trade among the best performed activities during this era. This is owing to the fact that most parts of the world particularly Eurasia started to produce food both for their own domestic consumption as well as selling the surplus.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trade in Eurasia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The people of Eurasia also began to adopt other forms of interactions whereby they encountered a more intense contact with one another over longer distances and over wider areas during trade. Comparatively, the long distance in Eurasia developed a few miles ahead of the long distance in the Sub Sahara. This paper therefore presents a discussion giving an accou nt of the faster rate of development of the trade in the Eurasia then in the Sub Sahara. To begin with, Globalization became an eye opener to the long distance trade in Eurasia. Among the benefits associated with globalization was the break down of the traditional boundaries that had initially been created. The breakdown of such boundaries was a major breakthrough in the period of increasing developments in the financial trends across the globe particularly in Eurasia. Most interestingly, globalization as a major phenomenon was realized through the long distance trade which had its roots in Eurasia. The existence of the â€Å"silk roads† played a major role in linking most parts of Eurasia and North Africa. The link represented a great advance in the progress of the long distance trade in Eurasia compared to the Sub Sahara. In addition to the globalization, there were also the noble contributions received from the Classical Empires. The empires included among others Han, Part hian, Kushan and Roman whose contribution restored order as well as political stability to the territories. Among the contributions include the massive construction of elaborate transport facilities in the region. The Classical empires also expanded their empires hence bringing them to a closer proximity with each other. The restoration of stability and order in the territory provided a favorable environment for the growth of the long distance trade in Eurasia as compared to Sub Sahara whose stability was under compromise. Furthermore, the Silk roads also laid a strong foundation to the development of the long distance trade in Eurasia. These roads (Silk roads), were referred to as silk roads due to the fact that the high quality silk obtained from China become one of the major commodities that the traders exchanged along these roads.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Silk roads provi ded a link between China and the Holy Roman Empire and enhanced its effectiveness through the formation of two major branches which split the desert into the northern and southern parts. The Silk roads also proved advantageous to the trade since it avoided the â€Å"deadly desert† of Taklamakan as it passed into the oasis towns which existed along the outskirts. Through the Silk roads, the Classical Empires experienced a great reduction in the cost of the long distance trade. The merchants started the establishment of extensive trade networks between Eurasia and northern parts of Africa. The success in the establishment of the routes linking Eurasia and other long distance traders made it possible for a faster progress of the trade in Eurasia compared to Sub Sahara. Owing to the political stability as well as the adequate infrastructure development such as routes that provided links between Eurasia and the other long distance traders, a fertile ground for the spread of some g reatest world religions came afore. These included Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. Many people also settled in Eurasia due to food supply. The food supply was as a result of great variety of agricultural products from the domesticated animals. With the great accumulation of wealth from the trade, Eurasia acquired great ability to acquire great dominance over the world. However, as the many political, social and economic activities continue to thrive in many parts of the world, the tallest order arises when these countries have to maintain their status quo. As it has been practically witnessed in the largest percentage of the developing and the developed countries, the road to socio economic and political stability occurs gradually. The development to stability is a sigmoid growth where they grow to the peak of power after which the development rate increases at a diminishing rate and finally fall towards the starting point. The United States of America has been considered to be at the fore front of development aspects. To date, the United States holds the record as the Worlds Superpower. The United States experiences economic, social and political prowess. Conclusions made from reliable premises documents that the United States will remain at the top of the ladder till the year 2030 when another nation may pose a reasonable threat of attempt to surpass her.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trade in Eurasia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The researchers have faced a wider spectrum of reactions or critiques some of which have subjected the possibility of the US remaining a superpower to a rigor of doubt. Most interestingly, the question about the US being surpassed by another nation such as China in the future calls for a deeper understanding of what it takes to be a superpower. The United States of America, as a superpower, does not only experience the strongest political and military vi ctories over the entire world, but the cultural pyramids, economic as well as the scientific control also lies in the hands of the US. The United States holds the league in the formulation of new and original consumer brands for a number of commodities all over the world. The production of such brands occur in companies including McDonalds, Coca cola, Citigroup, Nike, Xerox, Microsoft, Google among other multinational companies owing their possession to the US. In comparison, Japan and Europe have made a few brands in a few selected countries, which is still far form the US capacity in the industrial production. Furthermore, when one considers the number and the usage of the US brand logos in the developing nations, it proves beyond any reasonable doubt that the US economic and cultural dominance has gained more popularity by the same measure. The United States maintains her victory over the world in the education sector. It is documented from adequate research that the US owns seve nteen of the best twenty universities in the world. These are the greatest learning institutions where all the top students in the world aspire to belong as students. Top students from India, Europe as well as Japan make applications for the US universities such as Stanford, Harvard and Cambridge hence; China may not match the US in the economy of knowledge. Besides the possession of these state of the heart institutions, the US has also invested heavily in scientific research hence plays a pivotal role in the world of innovations from the laboratory to the market place. To surpass this state, China has to advance further her technology to lead inventions as well as corporations which are adaptable to the world’s marketplace. As a wrap up therefore, it is evident that the US economy, politics and the social structure and functions such as security are miles beyond that of the entire world. The US has a control of the entire world’s economic power. Despite the tireless attempts made by other countries (commonly referred to as the â€Å"Barbarians†) such as China to surpass, the US will remain at the peak for a period estimated to till 2030.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Trade in Eurasia was written and submitted by user Sc0rp10n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Noble Lie

Phil. #1 – Noble lie In order to understand these different arguments of telling a noble lie one must first understand what it is exactly that a noble lie is and how it should be considered when assessing a question like this. The way I understand a noble lie is that it is a lie that is told in order to keep some sort of control over society, along with it a sense of organization over a group of people. Once a noble lie is told in this form we can assume that people would realize their destinies and understand that they have certain duties to perform because they were given certain metals in their bodies. The question of this assessment is why were these lies told? Is it ever ok to tell a noble lie? Over the next couple of pages I will try to explain the different arguments for and against these questions. Plato feels that the people should not even be able to control themselves. He thinks that the people should be controlled by a higher power. Thus, might be the reasoning for telling the people a noble lie, in order to lay a foundation for people to assume their roles in life. Plato argues, that the masses of people should be split up into different groups in order to achieve certain levels of balance. Plato says that guardians will be guardians, while those who are to be guardians soon can be in training, these people called auxiliaries, and there should be farmers, merchants, craftsmen, and poor people as well. When this occurs people will then know their place in society, and there should be little conflict among them. However, this does not mean that all people will be satisfied with their roles and duties, so Plato and Socrates reveal this Myth of the Metals in order to claim some sense of unity. Otherwise there would be a lot of fighting and agitation between these class es. One question that needs to be considered for this is what makes a lie noble in the first place? Is a lie noble because it is for the be... Free Essays on Noble Lie Free Essays on Noble Lie Phil. #1 – Noble lie In order to understand these different arguments of telling a noble lie one must first understand what it is exactly that a noble lie is and how it should be considered when assessing a question like this. The way I understand a noble lie is that it is a lie that is told in order to keep some sort of control over society, along with it a sense of organization over a group of people. Once a noble lie is told in this form we can assume that people would realize their destinies and understand that they have certain duties to perform because they were given certain metals in their bodies. The question of this assessment is why were these lies told? Is it ever ok to tell a noble lie? Over the next couple of pages I will try to explain the different arguments for and against these questions. Plato feels that the people should not even be able to control themselves. He thinks that the people should be controlled by a higher power. Thus, might be the reasoning for telling the people a noble lie, in order to lay a foundation for people to assume their roles in life. Plato argues, that the masses of people should be split up into different groups in order to achieve certain levels of balance. Plato says that guardians will be guardians, while those who are to be guardians soon can be in training, these people called auxiliaries, and there should be farmers, merchants, craftsmen, and poor people as well. When this occurs people will then know their place in society, and there should be little conflict among them. However, this does not mean that all people will be satisfied with their roles and duties, so Plato and Socrates reveal this Myth of the Metals in order to claim some sense of unity. Otherwise there would be a lot of fighting and agitation between these class es. One question that needs to be considered for this is what makes a lie noble in the first place? Is a lie noble because it is for the be...

Horny Toad Lizard Facts (Phrynosoma)

Horny Toad Lizard Facts (Phrynosoma) The horny toad is actually a lizard (a reptile) and not a toad (an amphibian). The genus name Phrynosoma means toad bodied and refers to the animals flattened, round body. There are 22 species of horned lizard and several subspecies. Fast Facts: Horny Toad Lizard Scientific Name: PhrynosomaCommon Names: Horny toad, horned lizard, short-horned lizard, horntoadBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 2.5-8.0 inchesLifespan: 5-8 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Deserts and semi-arid parts of North AmericaPopulation: Decreasing to stableConservation Status: Least Concern to Near Threatened Description The horny toad has a squat, flattened body and a blunt nose like a toad, but its life cycle and physiology are that of a lizard. Each species is distinguished by the number, size, and arrangement of the crown of horns on its head. The lizard has spines on its back and tail that are modified reptile scales, while the horns on its head are true bony horns. Horny toads come in shades of red, brown, yellow, and gray and can change their color to a certain extent to camouflage themselves against their surroundings. Most horny toads are less than 5 inches long, but some species reach 8 inches in length. Habitat and Distribution Horny toads live in arid to semi-arid regions of North America, from southwestern Canada through Mexico. In the United States, they occur from Arkansas west to California. They live in deserts, mountains, forests, and grasslands. Diet The lizards are insectivores that prey primarily on ants. They also eat other slow-moving ground-dwelling insects (sow bugs, caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers) and arachnids (ticks and spiders). The toad either slowly forages or else waits for prey and then catches it with its sticky, long tongue. Horny toads use their sticky tongues to catch prey. Â  ebettini / Getty Images Behavior Horny toads feed early in the day. When ground temperature becomes too hot, they seek shade or dig themselves into the ground to rest (aestivation). In the winter and when temperatures drop in the evening, the lizards brumate by digging into the ground and entering a period of torpor. They may cover themselves completely or leave only their nostrils and eyes exposed. Horny toads have interesting and distinctive methods of self-defense. In addition to camouflage, they use their spines to make their shadows blurry and to deter predators. When threatened, they puff up their bodies so their large size and spines make them harder to swallow. At least eight species can squirt a directed stream of blood from the corners of their eyes up to 5 feet. The blood contains compounds, presumably from the ants in the lizards diet, that are distasteful to canines and felines. Reproduction and Offspring Mating occurs in late spring. Some species bury eggs in the sand, which incubate for several weeks before hatching. In other species, eggs are retained in the females body and the young hatch shortly before, during, or after egg-laying. The number of eggs varies by species. Between 10 and 30 eggs may be laid, with an average clutch size of 15. The eggs are about a half inch in diameter, white, and flexible. Hatchlings are 7/8 to 1-1/8 inches long. They have horns like their parents, but their spines develop later. The hatchlings receive no parental care. Horny toads reach sexual maturity when they are two years old and live between 5 and 8 years. Juvenile horny toads resemble their parents, but are smaller in size. Â  Design Pics / Getty Images Conservation Status Most horny toad species are classified as least concern by the IUCN. Phrynosoma mcallii has a conservation status of near threatened. There is insufficient data to evaluate Phrynosoma ditmarsi or the Sonoran horned lizard, Phrynosoma goodei. Some species populations are stable, but many are decreasing. Threats Humans pose the greatest threat to horny toad survival. The lizards are collected for the pet trade. In areas near human habitation, pest control threatens the lizards food supply. Horny toads are also affected by fire ant invasions, as they are selective about the ant species they eat. Other threats include habitat loss and degradation, disease, and pollution. Sources Degenhardt, W.G., Painter, C.W.; Price, A.H. Amphibians and Reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1996.Hammerson, G.A. Phrynosoma hernandesi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T64076A12741970. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64076A12741970.enHammerson, G.A., Frost, D.R.; Gadsden, H. Phrynosoma mcallii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T64077A12733969. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64077A12733969.enMiddendorf III, G.A.; Sherbrooke, W.C.; Braun, E.J. Comparison of Blood Squirted from the Circumorbital Sinus and Systemic Blood in a Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum. The Southwestern Naturalist. 46 (3): 384–387, 2001. doi:10.2307/3672440Stebbins, R.C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 2003.

Online Educational System Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online Educational System - Lab Report Example This will offer the facility to effectively meet the requirements of students, teachers, and management. In addition, this will also offer the better fulfillment of needs of the online communication, data transfer, security, and privacy. The University of Grantham online system needs to be based on the number of groupware applications. In the development of these applications, each development team needs to work on a specific area of the overall system development. In this scenario, the inter-communication among all teams is really essential. However, at the time of the system merger, we can face some compatibility problems. These problems can emerge due to different development style, programming approach, and a communication interface. Therefore, when these groupware applications have combined the problems regarding the combined operational compatibility could arise. In this scenario, to resolve such problems we need to offer a better and enhanced communication interface to all development teams of the groupware applications. In this way, the inter-communication will offer effective management of the major compatibility problems. For the development of the University of Grantham online distant learning system, we will require a lot of groupware applications. The main groupware application is email based communication application. This will offer the communication facility to all the users of groupware application. Then the next main groupware application we will require is about the newsgroups and mailing list. This will facilitate the presentation of current events regarding the education. This will also provide the facility of distributing any current news to the students and teachers. Another groupware application that is required is about the video communication.  This will offer the facility to share the video lectures at the online website for the students.  

Risks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risks - Assignment Example The book is for age 10 and over. OReilly chronicles a valuable, historical narrative of the tragedy that changed the nation. He presents information on the shocking events that lead to John Kennedy’s assassination that changed the course of American history. He also presents the political crisis the President was facing, his life and his family in the eye of the public. He recounts the gripping detail and brutal murder of John Kennedy, and how a sequence of gunshots killed a president that people loved. He also recounts how JKF sent the nation into the catastrophic division of the war in Vietnam. He also sent the nation to the culture changing repercussion of the Vietnam War. On the other hand, OReilly describes Lee Harvey Oswald as an angry Drifter, taken into police custody. His accusers accused him of the most notorious twentieth-century crime. OReilly also highlights the President as a brave leader, a hero, and a president whose desire was to make the world a better to liv e. Nonetheless, O’Reilly presents the government’s line that Harvey Oswald was a lone nut. However, Bill O’ Reilly book for young readers, Kennedy’s last Days about the JKF assassination might have remained inoffensively out of pasture had its author not been accused of fabricating a part of its monolog. Other writers and advocates have for a long time cataloged the meltdowns, exaggerations and many stumbles of OReilly. They perceive OReilly as being risky, recurrently unfair and inexorably lopsided. In the final pages of the book, he describes how he tracked down a shadowy Lee Harvey Oswalds associate in Florida. George de Mohrenschildt, the Russian-American businessman, had known Marina, Oswalds wife. He also helped Oswald get his first job. O Reilly in his book wrote that he heard a blast of a shotgun only to discover George had killed himself. However, news outlets are now challenging OReillys narrative with reports that he was in Texas at

Frictions between Parents and Children Essay Example for Free

Frictions between Parents and Children Essay Family is an essential part of every person’s life and of our society. Family is a little world with its own values and priorities. Close families share dreams, ideas, hopes and even possessions, and it’s a good side of being a family. However, as usual, every good thing can have its drawbacks. Same with families: they can often have different types of problems. One of the most frequent and common problems is the misunderstanding between parents and children, due to the difference of generations. This problem is especially acute with teenagers, who want to have more freedom, to express their self-identity in a way they want to. Honour your mother and father and you will live long and be well, if not, you will die — says the Bible. Some families are happy, some are dead. It seems to me the reason is misunderstanding of each other in the family. One more thing, teenagers can take on most of the rights and responsibilities of adulthood. Before this occurs, however, they go through the period of adolescence and most of them experience conflicts at that time. They change rapidly both physically and emotionally and they search self-identity as they grow up and become more independent. Sometimes teenagers develop interests and values different from those of their parents. That sets a conflict between two generations, which leads to a gap in mutual understanding. Traditional disagreements are: the time to come home at night, doing work about the house and the friends to spend time with. Id like to point out, that teens face a number of problems: drinking alcohol or using drugs. Moreover, some children run away from their homes. Most of them return after a few days or weeks, but some turn to crime and become juvenile delinquents. Im convinced that sometimes parents do not care about their children. It is exactly at that age when young people need a piece of advice or help. Parents should help their children and find the right approach to them so as to make everything clear. Being able to view the problems more rationally, they should try to do their best to resolve them. We need to learn to talk our problems over in our family. If we are able to do it, everything will be all right.

Essay --

Are you interested in the people who inhabited America before the Europeans came? Well if you are then this is where you can learn about the Oneida Indian tribe. They are a group of Indians that lived in what is now central New York, Oneida and Madison counties. Now Oneida’s first appearing was sometime in the 1400’s, also Oneida means standing rock. They are also one of the 5 founding Iroquois Confederacy and played a huge American Revolution. Now as you can see the Oneida’s are a very interesting culture, now here is some more about them. Now a huge part of the Oneida’s history involves the Revolutionary War, sure they are still around but they have remained pretty neutral since the war. One of the major battle’s that they participated in was the Battle of Oriskany. The Battle of Oriskany was part of the Saratoga Campaign which was a plan for the British to take over the Hudson River. The leader of this campaign was Gen. John Burgoyne and he lead 8,000 men. But at the end, the campaign was a fail which lead to an American and Oneida win and a British loss. Now that is when the...

Charisma: Psychology and Enormous Overwhelming Presence Essay

Whenever we want to define any word we usually look at the meaning in the dictionary. In Greek, charisma is any special grace conferred by God on an individual. Charisma refers to the enormous overwhelming presence that some people have. It is the ability to influence others by being connected with them physically, emotionally, and culturally. Although it is difficult to have a specific definition of charisma, but we could describe some people as a charismatic person who have an extraordinary ability to inspire, influence, and draw other’s attention. Charisma is usually associated with leaders who have a power and high positions, but it could be a characteristic of actors, public speakers, mathematicians, scientists, singers, or any other people. Charisma indicate a positive meaning; however, it could has it own dark side. Some leaders how have charisma causes huge damage to the world in the human history such as Hitler. Hitler was able to get a wide popularity by his support to the nationalism and anti-communism ideas. Later, he established the Nazism organization which believes in racism against other races and the altitude of certain races to others. The real number of his victims is unknown but it said that it reached more than 10 million victim. Some philosophers believe that charisma is innate characteristic while psychologists believe that it could be learned by increasing the individual’s awareness of his emotions and linking it to other people’s feeling, emotions, and needs. So, how can we have a magnesium personality? There are some some tips you could do to be a charismatic person, some of it are: having self-esteem, matching the body language to your speech, thinking before speaking and arranging your ideas, accepting criticism, and being unique in finding practical ideas to develop your character and your surroundings.

Anticipatory Socialization In Work Essay

The text defined anticipatory socialization as â€Å"learning and practicing a new role before one actually occupies the position.† In adolescence, anticipatory socialization does not require a high level of commitment from the individual. When one actually enters the world of work, as when one begins a career after schooling is completed, anticipatory socialization becomes a matter of assuming a role that one really wants, not a role that one thinks one wants to play. The classic example is the aspiring young corporate executive whose clothing, speech, reading materials, politics, and even sports interests emulate those of people occupying roles to which he aspires. For many, this emulation begins long before a specific job is taken. From observations of two graduate programs in business administration—one associated with a prestigious Catholic university of about 7,000 students, the other with a southern state university of about 15,000 students–this writer has drawn the following basic conclusions: A conscious effort is made in graduate training to indoctrinate students not only into the required technical skills but also into behavioral patterns that will be required of them as business people. Indeed, students overall grades and the kinds of recommendations they will receive depend more than a little on how well they have mastered those nontechnical, behavioral skills.’Research on medical training shows similar findings (Becker et al, 1961). Future doctors are expected to internalize â€Å"bedside manners† as well as to learn medical skills. Indeed, a recent article by J. B. Reuler et al. has projected a new emphasis on the importance of the bedside manner in doctor-patient relations (Jounral of the American Medical Association, 1980). Similar inferences can be drawn from research on blue-collar workers, although anticipatory socialization was not the focus of this research. Studies by Donald Roy and Ely Chinoy (much of which was based on the classic research in the 1930s by Roethlisberger and W. J. Dickson) indicate that the acceptance of primary work group values and norms, particularly as they relate to productivity, is a prerequisite to group membership (American Journal of Sociology, 1954, 1951-52). After membership is gained, both social and physical sanctions may be applied if the norms are violated. Recent research on young fishermen has revealed that anticipatory socialization begins very early in that occupation (Maiolo and Bort, 1980). Many adult fishermen do not want their children to fish for a living. Still, a sizable proportion of sons do follow in their fathers’ footsteps. As the youngsters accompany adult fishermen, they learn the special techniques of caring for gear and setting traps and nets. They begin to learn the language of predicting harvest levels and where the most productive fishing locations, or â€Å"sets,† are. Some try their hand at making boats, and some have been observed fishing alone at the early age of thirteen. The â€Å"correct† raingear is a treasured birthday gift, and the strategy of selling fish is a particularly important skill that is sought at a very early age. In sum, anticipatory socialization is a serious and ubiquitous phenomenon in the world of work. Further, that process includes the inculcation of social as well as technical skills. References American Journal of Sociology 60: 255-256, 1954. American Journal of Sociology 5: 453-459, 1951-1952. Becker, H., et al., Boys in White, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Journal of the American Medical Association 243(3): 235-236, January 1980. Maiolo, J. and J. Bort, The Sociocultural Context of the North Carolina Shrimp Industry, Second Year Report, University of North Carolina Sea Grant, 1980.

Free Essays on Sterling Brown

Sterling Allan Brown was one of the most unheralded poets of his time. For Many Years he went unheard of until the later years of his career. His poetry and literary works were also one of the most profound of his day. Brown was born in May of 1901 in the black middle class of Washington, D.C. His parents were Adelaide Allen and Sterling Nelson Brown. His father was a famous pastor, theologian, and social activist who was friends with other such activists as John Mercer Langston and Blanche K. Bruce. Growing up in the genteel circumstances of Washington, D.C., Sterling went to the prestigious Dunbar High School in Washington. He graduated from Dunbar as his class valedictorian in 1918 and earned a scholarship set aside for minority students to Williams College. Brown studied at Williams for four years before graduating with his B.A. in English with honors. He was also elected to the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity and won the Graves Prize for his essay â€Å"The Comic Spirit in Shakespeare and Moliere† which earned him a Clark Fellowship to Harvard for graduate work. At Harvard, Brown received an M.A. degree in English and during this second period of study he developed a sensitive creative writi ng through formal and folk training. After college Brown began a career of teaching starting out at Virginia Seminary College then Fisk University in Tennessee and Lincoln University in Missouri. Then in 1929 he settled down and began teaching at Howard University where he remained for almost sixty years. At Harvard he worked with and taught some later emerging artists such as actor and playwright Ossie Davis, political activist Stokley Carmichael, and Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison. During his duration at Harvard, Brown wrote many of his literary pieces. Sterling Brown’s poetry was influenced by jazz, the blues, work songs and spirituals like many other poets during the Harlem Renaissance. Like Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Jean Toomer ,and... Free Essays on Sterling Brown Free Essays on Sterling Brown Sterling Allan Brown was one of the most unheralded poets of his time. For Many Years he went unheard of until the later years of his career. His poetry and literary works were also one of the most profound of his day. Brown was born in May of 1901 in the black middle class of Washington, D.C. His parents were Adelaide Allen and Sterling Nelson Brown. His father was a famous pastor, theologian, and social activist who was friends with other such activists as John Mercer Langston and Blanche K. Bruce. Growing up in the genteel circumstances of Washington, D.C., Sterling went to the prestigious Dunbar High School in Washington. He graduated from Dunbar as his class valedictorian in 1918 and earned a scholarship set aside for minority students to Williams College. Brown studied at Williams for four years before graduating with his B.A. in English with honors. He was also elected to the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity and won the Graves Prize for his essay â€Å"The Comic Spirit in Shakespeare and Moliere† which earned him a Clark Fellowship to Harvard for graduate work. At Harvard, Brown received an M.A. degree in English and during this second period of study he developed a sensitive creative writi ng through formal and folk training. After college Brown began a career of teaching starting out at Virginia Seminary College then Fisk University in Tennessee and Lincoln University in Missouri. Then in 1929 he settled down and began teaching at Howard University where he remained for almost sixty years. At Harvard he worked with and taught some later emerging artists such as actor and playwright Ossie Davis, political activist Stokley Carmichael, and Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison. During his duration at Harvard, Brown wrote many of his literary pieces. Sterling Brown’s poetry was influenced by jazz, the blues, work songs and spirituals like many other poets during the Harlem Renaissance. Like Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Jean Toomer ,and...

The Old GRE Exam and the GRE General Test

The Old GRE Exam and the GRE General Test From time to time, standardized tests go through serious revisions. Test makers hope to make the test more relevant, more inclusive, and more in line with what colleges and graduate schools are looking for in their incoming students. A History of GRE Revisions 1949 The GRE, first created in 1949 via the Educational Testing Service (ETS) and administered at Prometric Testing centers, is no exception as it has gone through a number of changes. 2002 The earliest versions of the GRE only tested Verbal and Quantitative reasoning, but after October of 2002, the Analytical Writing Assessment was added.  Ã‚   2011 In 2011, ETS decided that the  GRE needed a  major  overhaul, and decided to create the Revised GRE exam, complete with a new scoring system, new types of questions, and a completely different testing system that not only changed the difficulty of the test as students progress, but allowed students to mark answers to go back to questions previously skipped or change answers. It also allowed for students to select more than one answer as correct if the test question indicated to do so.   2012 In July 2012, ETS announced an option for users to customize their scores called ScoreSelect. After testing, on test day, testers can choose to send just their most recent scores or all of their test scores to colleges and universities to which they would like to apply. Schools who receive the scores will not know whether or not the test-takers have sat for the GRE  once or more than once, if they choose to send just one set of scores.   2015 In 2015, ETS changed the name yet again from the Revised GRE back to the GRE General Test, and reassured testers not to be worried if they encountered test prep materials with one or the other names used. Old GRE vs. Current GRE General Test So, in case you are researching the GRE or happened to have taken the GRE prior to August of 2011, here is  a comparison between the old (between October 2002 and  August 1, 2011) and the current (post August 1, 2011) GRE exams. GRE Exam Old GRE Exam GRE General Test Design Test questions change based on answers (Computer-Based Test) Test sections change based on answers.Ability to change answersAbility to mark answers and come back (Multi-Stage Test)Ability to use a calculator Structure Old Structure Current Structure Time Approx. 3 hours Approx. 3 hours 45 min. Scoring Scores range from 200-800 in 10-point increments Scores range from 130-170 in 1-point increments Verbal Question Types:AnalogiesAntonymsSentence CompletionsReading Comprehension Question Types:Reading ComprehensionText CompletionSentence Equivalence Quantitative Question Types:Multiple Choice Quantitative ComparisonMultiple Choice Problem Solving Question Types:Multiple-choice Questions - One AnswerMultiple-choice Questions - One or More AnswersNumeric Entry QuestionsQuantitative Comparison Questions AnalyticalWriting Old Analytical Writing DetailsOne Issue EssayOne Argument Essay Revised Analytical Writing DetailsOne Issue EssayOne Argument Essay

Teaching all Standards Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words - 1

Teaching all Standards - Thesis Example When developing a vision within a specific scholastic environment a large body of theoretical work and research indicates the importance of the school principle bringing together diverse viewpoints together under the auspices of a unified vision. In considering the means of accomplishing this task one of the first elements that must be developed is the nature and type of my own beliefs and motivations. In terms of establishing these beliefs I recognize that the important element is to think with the end in mind. In approaching the scholastic vision from this top-down constructivist approach it’s possible to establish the intended vision and then establish a variety of goals and avenues the scholastic environment can work towards achieving. The next step must be to consider the current scholastic environment and work towards developing a means of uniting these leaders and professionals in a cooperative and functional setting. In these regards, Fiore notes that, The relationship s among and between school stakeholders and how those relationships contribute to the overall purpose of schooling must be considered as the mission statement is crafted. Leaders are people who understand the interdependence of people. It is up to the leader, particularly in light of ISLLC Standard 1, to lead other toward the creation of a common purpose for schooling (Fiore, pg. 25) In these regards, the school environment becomes the primary area of focus, as the administrator must balance the end-goal with the current scholastic environment in order to establish and meet the desired vision. Indeed, I recognize that the nature of the current scholastic environment is an important consideration when establishing my overriding vision. Finally, it’s argued that after working towards uniting the professional community, the administrator must consider the â€Å"historical nature of the specific school† (Kowalski, pg. 209). This will be another major step taken in achievin g the scholastic vision. In terms of Kern County Elementary School one of the most pivotal aspects of developing a meaningful vision will be a thorough understanding of the school’s scholastic achievement levels. While this detailed information is not regularly available to the public, it is essential in developing a cohesive and proactive vision on a number of grounds. While community interaction and involvement are critical areas of school and student development, the scholastic environment is ultimately a place of academic learning. In these regards, upon assuming control of the school the first step that would be taken would be taking a large-scale overhaul of educational deficiencies, as well as areas of achievement. One of the realities of school administration is the understanding of county, city, and state standards. In large part funding and recognition are attached to the school’s successful adherence to these scholastic standards, as this allows for a cohesi ve educational community that can extend even to the national level. The next step will then be to develop a cohesive vision that will target these deficiencies and nurture these scholastic strengths. In accomplishing this goal a multi-tiered approach will be developed that targets all grade levels. Grade wide meetings will be called wherein the teachers of these specific grades will be informed of the areas of scholastic

Design Information Technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Design Information Technology - Assignment Example To embed functionalities on a simple design would require more effort than in putting the functionalities regardless of simplicity of design. Simplicity is the factor of designing that made Kaplan and Braunstein the high sale in camcorder. People love simple, adaptable, and dependable products (Colborne, 2010). Most of the companies had concentrated on making their camcorders win sales by adding advanced features. This was in contrast to the flip, which was primitive, missing on some features with low resolution. A year later flip just increased its sales to a million units with a low market of 6 million units. This came in recognition by the company, which recognized how the camcorders had become complex and intimidating. On realizing the main objective of people, which was not to make films but take spontaneous events as they came. With the realization of the customer requirements, flip is set into simplicity. It ditched the non-essential features, leaving out no cable. It effected on flip-USB connector, giving it its name. The flip had few buttons, did not require a CD for its software for it was embedded in the camcorder itself. This was among the design example of simplicity that gained the market among others that existed such as the VW Beetle and Twitter. This brings out how simplicity finds a popular audience due to reliability, as well as, being easy to use. They leave the users attracted to them. Hence, they usually get many surprising ways. This is one of the most advanced technologies that has brought up creation of powerful yet simple products. In creating complexities, when one side fails it may cost more to change everything in a satisfying manner to the people. The US Motor industry based itself on building cars that were heavy, thirsty, and expensive and sold at a premium price when the company faced a weighty problem during the 2008 economic crash. As usual, not many wanted high expenses during the economic crash. When the company did its anal ysis, it found that in restructuring itself, it would have to invest more billions of dollars. Therefore, it recognized the advantage of simplicity having withstood changes with less cost unlike the complexities that would cost a lot more when changes arise. Thus, the designers must put into consideration only the features that people consider essential, especially when rough times come, adhering to changes that would cost a lot. To give more features would require more cost unlike simple designs, which entail fewer features hence lowering of the cost (Colborne, 2010). Simplicity does not mean it would be so for all users and manufacturers. A company, which had its networking and functionality upgraded, made the managers’ work simpler, but the salespeople complained. This proves that on designing a simple part a lot would have to be put into consideration. Companies which products seem simple to the users, designers, and manufacturers usually have it rough. Google, which is t he largest and the simplest of all search engines, has the best engineers to do coding and math on the back end. Every year they set out to have the best in every of the fields they have. Employees work in the highest degree of professionalism to bring out what is acceptable by the users as simple. The one wheel bike may look very simple but prove to be an enormous challenge to ride. The Shaker and Panton chair both are simple but have a given uniqueness for their purpose. Therefore, in the design creation, we consider

Black preschoolers more likely to face suspension Assignment

Black preschoolers more likely to face suspension - Assignment Example or preschoolers get suspended for minor mistakes that could be of no harm to the other schoolmates as compared to white students who even dare bring guns to the school (AOL.com, 2014). The disparity in suspending students or preschoolers based on race lines is aggravated by educators feeling whites are worthwhile than blacks. As a result, the white students commit some mistakes that could be of so much harm to the entire school community but in most cases taken literally. Moreover the whites have a feeling that they are the ones who should dominate the other races and especially the blacks due to their skin complexion. Due to this notion, educators take whichever action they can in their quest to make mistakes committed by blacks more of criminal as compared to the white students (Losen, 2011). If you are given the information that children who are physically disciplined are more likely to externalize their problems (act aggressively), how would that affect the way you interpret the information in the article? If it does not change your opinion, explain why. The children’s or preschoolers pugnaciously action would have a positive impact on my views (AOL.com, 2014). This is because each individual has his or her own rights irrespective one’s color’s complexion they are equal hence they need equal treatment. For instance, students and the preschoolers have their rights as the other human beings irrespective of their complexion to acquire knowledge in a non-discriminatory environment. Church affiliated schools are believed to be discriminative on selecting program participants or new applicants on basis of religion, national origin, gender, race or color. This makes some people oppose to allow school vouchers being awarded to religious affiliated schools for they cannot be fair in their

Limit Of Human Rights In Africa

Limit Of Human Rights In Africa Culture, Gender, and Religion at the Limit of Human Rights in Africa.   The essay will focus on how culture, gender and religion limits human rights in Africa and how the three come into conflict which leads to discursively construct each other via cultural. It will also cover the potential and limitations of the womens rights as human rights in which, attension will be paid to Islamic law-sharia and some of it cases in Nigeria. The essay will also relate international human rights documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, African Charter on human and peoples rights, protocol to the African Charter on Human and peoples Rights of women in Africa, and Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam(sharia law) and conclusion. Legal Pluralism in Human Rights Law: The plurality of norms and values that exist in different African cultues and societies is also reflected within the human rights system itself. The human rights system embodies both individual and communal rights. The tension relationship between the principle of a groups right to self determination and cultural identity, asembodied in the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and Article 16.1 of the Womens convention, which puts an obligation on the states parties to eliminate discrimination against women in all matters relationg to marriage and family relation. In the African context is whether the protection of group rights such as culture and religious identity of ethnic group, constitutes a justifiable reason for differential treatment of women and men in African. There has always been great arguement when interpreting the convention in relationa to African States parties, it should be born in mind that African and Western cultures apply different values and norm(Grannes 1994:28) This is because the implementation of Womens convention has proved to be particularly problematic in the area of personal and family law, where it comes into conflict with religious and customary laws and practices. Human Rights in African Over decades now, Africa have been ranked by international Human Rights organizationas like Human Right Watch, Ammesty International and International Crimenial Court as a continent where human rights violations are at it apex especially islamic countries, the violation of womens basic human rights are mostly done in the name of culture and religion.  [1]  After the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 in which pursuit of equal rights for women through international law has been fair from reach. The principle says that everyone is free and equal in diginity and eveveryone is entitled to rights without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex was started in Articles 1 and 2 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights  [2]  , African Charter by the Organization of African Unity (now African Unity) in 1986, Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Cairo Declaration o n Human Rights in Islam by the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 1993. Anthropology as an academic discipline has embraced a predominantly ethical relativist stance toward the idea of human rights as a legitimate universal concern for all cultures. In the past years the rising prominence of womens rights as human rights has challenged this point of view. Within the context of the global womens human rights movement, feminist anthropologists are in the forefront of this challenge, striving to uphold anthropologys important focus on cultural context, while at the same time paying deep concern for harmful pracetics against women, with female genital mutilation in African no exception, which may be argued to be morally objectionable outside of any given culture. Human Rights is a very difficult phrase to define. Ones idea of humanity varies in every culture especially in African societies; discrepancies are often found even within a singular culture. Gender,Culture, Religion and social Causes a Barrie to Human Rights in Africa: Violence continues to affect lives of millions of women in African in all socio- legal, economic and educational classes. This is cuting across cultural and religious barriers, which impeding women from taking full participation in societies. One of the greatest barriers to womens economic advancement is violence they face on daily routine. Not only does such violence impede womens ability to live full and productive lives, it also hampers their contributions to family, society and economic development. Violance aganist women is one of the most visible consequences of economic, social, political, legal and cultural inequalities that exist between men and women in Africa, as a result the continent is laging behind the rest of the world  [3]  . Given the subordinate status of women in Africa, women are most exposed to ill treatments, physiological abuse, and physical violence, such gender violence is considered normal and enjoys social sanction. African continent is rich in cultural relativity(culture of discrimination) and norms, as a result it has showed a vital barrier to the implementation of the universal human rights act. A universal agreement among certain human rights provisions is not likely to occur, specifically when dealing with islamic countries in African where transition to more equal rights is most problematic, where elements of Sharia law governing the behaviour of women remain active. In extreme examples in Northern Nigeria, these ancient laws still declaims that adultery is a crime when only carried out by women, and makes it impossible for a man to be convicted of rape. In certain circumstances, conforming to human rights would signify a fundamental change in societies that the elite is not willing to undertake, fearing a potential change in the balance of power while the cultural norms remains unchanged. Violence against women in Africa comes in several forms discrimination, rape and Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), which the World Health Orgnazation (WHO) defines as comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The practice is mostly carried out by traditional circumcisers, who often play other central roles in communities, such as attending childbirths. Increasingly, however, FGM is being performed by health care providers and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women. It is nearly always carried out on minors and is a violation of the rights of children. The practice also violates a persons rights to health, security and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death. Despirte global efforts by World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) to combat the wild spred of FGM, it still remains donominant in Africa as a cultureal partices, which lives about 92 million girls age 10 years and above are estimated to have undergone FGM and three million girls are at risk annually  [4]  . The reasons behind female genital mutilation in Africa include a mix of cultural, religious and social factors within families and communities.In most African countries where FGM is a social convention, the social pressure to conform to what others do and have been doing is a strong motivation to perpetuate the practice. Traditions in African believes that FGM is often considered a necessary part of raising up process for girl(s), and a way to prepare them for adulthood and marriage life, it often motivated by beliefs about what is considered proper sexual behaviour, linking procedures to premarital virginity and marital fidelity and is also associated with cultural ideals of femininity and modesty, which include the notion that girls are clean and beautiful after removal of body parts that are considered male or unclean. The Africa Traditional Reglions (ATRs) is the only religion that fully support to the practice, practitioners often believe the practice has religious support, othe r religious leaders take active positions with regard to FGM: some still promote it, some consider it unimportant to religion, and others are still kicking against the idea. Potential and Limitations of Womens Rights as Human Rights Social and economic indicators for African countries consistently show that women bear the greatest brunt of hardship because of disciminatory lwas against them, efforts to modernise this discriminatory laws have been frustrated by deep-rooted cultural barriers that runs in opposite direction with developments . Women in Africa contribute in numerous ways to the national development of every country. They are responsible for nearly all household duties , starting from food productions and processing exercises. Often, women tend to be viewed not as individuals, but as part of the male-headed household with some unique needs of their own related to their preceived roles, if given the rigts they can be at the front line of major global issues. Women organizations in Africa and around world such as Formum for African Women Educationalist (FAWE) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) have been actively involve in using different approaches in seeing the the rights of women as stated in various international human rights docuents be met,their efforts are far from reach in Africa. Sharai Law: The word sharia means the path to a watering hole. It denotes an Islamic way of life that is more than a system of criminal justice. Sharia is a religious code for living, in the same way that the Bible offers a moral system for Christians. It is adopted by most Muslims to a greater or lesser degree as a matter of personal conscience, but it can also be formally instituted as law by certain states and enforced by the courts. Many Islamic countries have adopted elements of sharia law, governing areas such as inheritance, banking and contract law. Sharai Law in Nigeria -Case One: Safiya Hussaini, age 35, was sentenced to death by stoning in October 2002 for allegedly having a child with a married neighbour. She had the child after her divorce, but maintained the father was her former husband and that they were married when the child was conceived. The court convicted her, but Hussaini won an appeal, this time alleging that she had sex out of wedlock before sharia law took effect. Sharai Law in Nigeria Case Two: In 2001, a teenage single mother was given 100 lashes for adultery, even though she argued she was raped by three men. The court said Bariya Ibrahim Magazu could not prove that the men forced her to have sex. Sexual discrimenation is transparent in this case, The Sharai law failed to bring the three men to book for raping, insisted all the blame was put on the woman alone. Sharai Law in Nigeria -Case Three: In 2002, Adama Unusua, who was 19 and pregnant, was recently sentenced to 100 lashes in public for having sex with her fiance.  [5]   International Human Rights Documents and Sharia Law in Africa: The African continent ratified international and regional human rights protection instruments, human rights violations such as discrimination against women persists widely both in law and practice.The international commettee remains particularly concerned by the currently violations of human rights in Africa especially the ones currently going on in North Africa andWest Africa(Ivory Coast). The persistence of discriminatory laws; lack of perfect harmonisation between statutory and customary laws and the application of Sharia laws constantly increase violence against women, including widowhood rites; and obstacles to access top employment opportunities leades tonor right in decision-making that even affects them.The Shariagoes in oppsite direction with all international and regional human rights documents, expect in the Cariro Declaration on Human Rights in Islam by the Organization of the Islam Conferencce in may 1993, which made provision in Article 2  [6]   Conclusion: Increase in the violation of huma rights in Africa is at it apex point, both the international and regional commeteer need to pay much attension to this issues, especially the violation of fundamental rights which are clearly speelts in all human rights documents with execption to Articule 2(c) p 4 of the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights.Womens rights must be respected by eliminating all form of discrimination against them, so that they can see themselves as partners in development in African.

lord of flies :: essays research papers

The novel Lord of the flies by William Golding presents and defends a theme that human nature is essential evil, and that a person removed from society will be allowed to let their evil instincts to manifest themselves as the person becomes increasingly savage. In this novel, Golding presents a character (Jack) who takes on and exemplifies this transition to savagery through out the course of the book as the evil inside him is set free. We see Jack, who at first cannot even kill a pig caught in the creepers, fall deeper in deeper into his savage ways as his killing of one pig, and his focus on the hunt turns to bloodlust. Then as it progresses his bloodlust begins to drive more than just the hunt for food as he leaves the dead as sacrifice for the beast, and he begins to turn his violence out towards the other boys, not just his pray. As a final decent into the evil that has consumed him the pray becomes one of the boys as Ralph is hunted with the intent to kill, sacrifice and possibly even eat in an act of cannibalism. Before the evil began to grow in strength within Jack, he was a boy much like the others and like the others he found the concept of killing another living thing was not something easy to digest, but Jack learned. How ever hard it was for Jack to first kill a pig, spilling its blood on his bare hands, once he had first killed another living thing his path towards evil and savagery was well one its way. Early on in the novel we find Ralph, Simon and Jack walking through the forest when they come across a small pig tangled and caught in the creepers. Although Jack does have a knife with him his hesitation combined with the overwhelming reality of the situation keeps Jack stunned in his place and the pig escapes untouched. Jack swears to himself and the others that he will kill the next pig and this pressure to perform to prove himself a true and worthy hunter, leads him to obsession over the hunt. To Jack the hunt becomes more than just a game, or a source of food, it becomes his mission, duty and purpose on the island. When Jack makes his first kill he is spellbound by the power of life and death he exerts on the pig and is fascinated by the warm blood that pours from the wound he cuts to slit the pigs throat.

Araby Essay

Irony in in the short story, â€Å"Araby,† is the comparison between the dream type of love the young boy feels for Mangan’s sister, and the reality of his own high expectations. Throughout the short story, I experienced a flashback to a particular external quote I had read previously, â€Å"Love is not what it seems, and just as reality has a way of dashing our dreams so too does the discovery of eyes blinded by love. † This is to reflect on how the young boy was blinded by love and that he was not aware till the end of the short story that his expectations of the show Araby was blinded by his love for Mangan’s sister. While reading the short story over and over, I happened to find symbolization towards how the dark and light are used to show how the narrator sees the world as a dark and lonely place the only light used in the story is used to describe magans sister, and in the end he learns how foolish that love was. This therefore, is making the light a symbol of his innocence and the dark the cruel reality of the world. Another aspect from the story, is how any individual could have easily inferred that, from the description of the boy’s housing situation and the small sum his uncle gave him, their financial situation was tight

Accused of witchcraft Essay

Parris : Why not? Now there are no spirits attacking her, for none in this room is accused of witchcraft. So let her turn herself cold now, let her pretend she is attacked now, let her faint. (He turns to Mary Warren.) Faint!  Act 3, Page 85  This is when the court first has the idea of getting Mary to prove the other girls are frauds by getting her to pretend to faint. She will not because she is afraid of what the girls will do to her. Or cannot, for fear of the court  This is one of the highest points of tension in the whole play because everything and everyone is focused on Mary, relying on her in one way or another to either tell the truth or to lie. But there is so much pressure on Mary that she can’t say anything. The pressure builds and builds until Mary cracks then Abigail launches a perfectly timed attack. Just when people are confused about whom to believe Abigail turns on Mary and makes them believe her.  The girls turning on Mary is a dramatically effective part in act three. This is because when the girls turn on Mary you feel sorry for her due to the fact she is torn between telling the truth to the court or joining the girls again to prevent them from accusing her.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mary Warren, do you witch her? I say to you, do you send your spirit out?† Danforth, Act 3, Page 87  When Danforth asks her this question Mary snaps and pushes herself away from Proctor.  Mary Warren, Act 3, page 88  This is when Mary’s delicate relationship with Proctor breaks down and she will no longer cover for him and put herself at risk from being accused by the rest of the girls.  Abigail : (Looking about the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold): I – I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. (Her eyes fall on Mary Warren.)  Mary : (Terrified, pleading): Abby!  Mercy : (Shivering): Your Honour, I freeze! Proctor : They’re pretending!  Hathorne : (Touching Abigail’s hand): She is cold Your Honour, touch her!  Mercy : (Through chattered teeth ): Mary, Do you send this shadow on me?  Act 3, Page 87  This is when the girls first start to turn on Mary, she is a very fragile person and when they start to turn on her she doesn’t know what to do. She was used to pointing the finger of accusation not having it pointed at her and on her own she can’t cope. So she betrays the truth and goes back to the safety of the girls and being the accuser not the accused. Mary finally breaks down and accuses Proctor of witchcraft. Fearful for her own life, Mary realizes that the only way to save herself is to accuse Proctor of coercing her into attempting to overthrow the court. In this case the accusation contains some truth: Proctor did force Mary Warren into testifying, yet in this case the purpose is to promote true justice rather than to dispute it.  Elizabeth lying to protect Proctor is a dramatically effective part in act three because there is a lot of tension when Elizabeth is brought into the court. Miller uses dramatic irony when Elizabeth doesn’t know that Proctor has confessed to lechery and that they are testing her to see if Proctor was telling the truth. Elizabeth doesn’t know that it is Abigail that is being tried and so she lies to protect her husband but in fact by lying she is in the eyes of the court proving that her husband is a liar. Miller uses the frustration of Proctor as his wife is lying but there is no way he can tell her that by trying to protect him she is actually getting him into more trouble â€Å"Look at me, to your own knowledge, has John Proctor ever committed the crime of lechery! (In a crisis of indecision she cannot speak.) Answer my question! Is your husband a lecher!†Ã‚  Danforth, Act 3, page 91  You can see by this, that Danforth doesn’t give Elizabeth much choice and practically puts the words into her mouth. By saying is your husband a lecher he leaves her no choice but to say â€Å"no†. What kind of woman would call her husband a lecher in front of a court? â€Å"(There is a knock. He calls to the door.) Hold! (To Abigail.) Turn your back. Turn your back. (To Proctor.) Do likewise. (Both turn their backs- Abigail with indignant slowness) Now let neither of you turn to face goody proctor. No one in this room is to speak one word, or raise a gesture aye or nay. (He turns towards the door, calls.) Enter!  Danforth, Act 3, Page 90  The Audience feel frustrated because all that Elizabeth has to do is tell the truth and Abigail’s ruthless revenge will be stopped and the truth will be brought to light but there is no way Elizabeth could know this so she does what she thinks is the right thing and tries to protect her husband. In this scene Miller uses dramatic irony very effectively. Danforth makes the trial look fair but in fact gives Elizabeth no choice  but to lie.  Danforth : â€Å"Answer my question! Is your husband a lecher!  Elizabeth : (Faintly): No, sir.  Danforth : Remove her, Marshal.  Proctor : Elizabeth, tell the truth!  Danforth : She has spoken. Remove her!  Proctor : (crying out): Elizabeth, I have confessed it!  Act 3, Page 91  This point is the dramatic climax of the whole scene because it is the point where Elizabeth finally finds out what she has done, and she is distraught. Hale tries to reason with Danforth when he says, â€Å"Excellency it is a natural lie to tell† this shows that Hale is the voice of reason but for most of the time he is not listened to, like Proctor who spoken sense throughout – both are shut out in their ways. To save her husband from accusations of witchcraft, Elizabeth must condemn him for lechery. Miller establishes that Elizabeth is an honest woman who never lies, yet at the moment in which her honesty is most critical she chooses the noble yet practical lie that she believes will defend her husband. As Hale notes, it is a natural lie for Elizabeth Proctor to tell, yet an incredibly ill timed one; Elizabeth Proctor chooses dishonesty at the precise moment that her integrity matters the most. Act 3 of ‘The Crucible’ is so effective because Arthur Miller uses a wide variety of emotions for his characters and a good variety of action. One minute the scene can be rather quiet with just simple conversation and the next minute it can be very chaotic with characters hurling accusations and abuse at each other. The reason this play is so effective is because Miller uses moments of calm as well as moments of extreme action, if it was just action, action, action all the time the audience would become immune to it and the really important parts wouldn’t stick in your mind as much. Act 3 is relevant to the play as a whole because it is the Act where a lot of important things happen and it is the most dramatic, with a lot of tension and anger between different characters. It is what the first two acts have been building up to and you could say it is the climax of the whole play.  When Arthur Miller wrote the play, â€Å"The Crucible† in 1953 the contemporary audience could relate to the play due to the media coverage that was occurring at the time. This era was concerned with the political movement of communism; the McCarthy trials. The contemporary audience saw Miller’s play as relevant because of the effects of mass hysteria- the destruction of the community in Salem. Miller felt that the play had relevance although he didn’t write it for that.  The reason why the crucible is still so widely liked even though the witch trials are long gone is because it demonstrates the terrible effects of mass hysteria and what it can do to normally rational people.  The story reminds its readers of an ugly blemish on human history. It reminds us that man is not perfect, and that we can make mistakes. However, even with these mistakes, we can cleanse ourselves and purify ourselves by making right what is wrong.